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FIGURE 5.3 While trade data indicate that the United States imported $2 billion of iPhones from China in 2009, only an estimated three percent of the value-added was from China. Institutes were given several options to cope with funding cuts. Please use UP and DOWN arrow keys to review autocomplete results. increasingly competitive external environment has called for continuous improvement of countries’ quality assurance standards and international criterion of their education systems. Nearly one-third of clients have 250 or fewer employees.382, A major source of Fraunhofer’s strength and durability has been its diverse funding base, which enables its institute to perform their own in-house cutting-edge research, remain engaged in strategic national innovation programs, and collaborate with industry. In its first five years, the center earned 44 patents. The main conduits for disseminating technology to China’s corporate sector are the some 4,000 research institutes controlled by central ministries, local governments, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. R&D had achieved some important successes, “their effectiveness has not matched the needs of the Indian economy or been commensurate with the resources invested in them.” One reason is that private corporate participation has been minimal. In India, she noted, Nicholas Piramal can buy “a lot of scientific horsepower” for the money. German industry, meanwhile, gets a pipeline of talent in emerging technologies. 2.2 million new cases in 2009. 78 National Research Council, S&T Strategies of Six Countries, op. 163 Anil K. Gupta and Haiyan Wang, Getting China Right, San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass, 2009. These innovations should also have “frugal’ impact on the environment to be sustainable in the long term.193. SOURCE: UNESCO, UNESCO Science Report 2010, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2010, p.371. 80 Presentation by Tian Zhiling of the China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group in June 28, 2011, Chinese Academy of Engineering symposium. Participants include BMWi, KfW Bank Group, BASF, Deutsche Telekom, Siemens, Robert Bosch, and Daimler. Now the rest of the world is racing to catch up. 102 For a collection of articles that highlight recent cancer research in China, see Cell Research’s special issue on cancer research in China. SOURCE: Eurostat, date of extraction was 10/29/2011. cit. “When it happened, we were very puzzled, upset, and lost,” explained Tian Zhiling, of the China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group (CISRI). (Taiwan), Council for Economic Planning and Development, Taiwan Statistical Data Book 2011, Table 6-6. 229 Department of Science & Technology press release, “New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative Scheme,” Feb. 27, 2009. 42 The Four Modernizations were goals originally promoted by Zhou Enlai in the 1960s and adopted at the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978. 475 Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau at http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kagaku/index.htm. Firms in Europe and North America must look for new ways to reignite growth. The New Global Competitive Environment. Rather than being inward-looking, the labs now look outside to harness synergies.209. Finland’s high competitiveness rankings are attributable to the close link between national research programs and industry, according to Tekes Deputy Director General Heikki Kotilainen. “(T)he problem is that these innovation policies are rather fragmented among ministries and elite bodies such as the Planning Commission and Prime Minister’s Office” and that they “lack coordination and networking.” As a result, there is considerable duplication. Each university creates its own portfolio of industry-oriented projects. India invests only around 1 percent of GDP in science and technology.174 [See Figure 5.5] Government controls around 70 percent of national R&D spending,175 and the biggest recipients have been areas relating to national security, such as atomic energy, aerospace, and ocean exploration. They also include deploying state-of-the-art, smart IT networks and services across industries and enabling paper-free government by 2012. 295 S&T Policies in Six Nations, op. ITRI achieved a major advance by acquiring key technology from Eastman Kodak, the inventor of organic LED (OLED) technology, which the U.S. company was unable to turn into commercially viable products. First, dynamic capabilities focus on the variation in a firm’s abilities to adapt quickly to rapidly changing environments (Teece, 2014; Wilden, Devinney, & Dowling, 2016). The government’s response to the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and recession highlighted the importance that Germany places on preserving its manufacturing sector, which was hit hard. FIGURE 5.10 Germany’s R&D expenditures reached 2.82 percent of GDP in 2009. •    Establishment of a high-level Enterprise Board and innovation fund at each university. with notebook computers, liquid-crystal displays, semiconductor fabrication and design, and bicycles made of carbon composites, an industry Taiwan dominates. Companies can deduct the full cost of R&D machinery and equipment. cit. Before we discuss the global phenomenon of homelessness we need to understand one of the driving forces behind it which is the relentless rise of our population. 6, No. Another perceived flaw in Taiwan’s innovation system is that researchers at public institutes are treated as civil servants and therefore may not work for private companies. As Exhibit 1 shows, emerging Asia is already on the rise, accounting for about 37 percent of net flows over the past five years (more than any other part of the world); according to industry representatives this trend is set to accelerate significantly. America's position as the source of much of the world's global innovation has been the foundation of its economic vitality and military power in the post-war. cit. 378 See presentation by Peter Spyns of the Flanders Department of Economy, Science, and Innovation in National Research Council, Innovative Flanders: Innovation Policies for the 21st Century—Report of a Symposium, Charles W. Wessner, editor, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. Based on the success of this policy, the Japanese government enacted the Corporate Law in 2005 to remove the minimum capital requirement for establishing firms in general, which is consistent with the U.S. joint-stock corporation policy. 5996, Sept. 3, 2010. Unleashing Universities and Research Institutes: The federal government and Länder—which control funding for higher education—have taken a number of steps over the past decade to upgrade the quality of university research, break down barriers between academia and industry, and commercialize university R&D. The NSF will fully match funds for start-ups, which will be assessed based on their “potential to disrupt a current industry and create new ones,” according to the disruptive innovation methodology of Harvard Business School professor Clay Christensen.287, •    Grants for polytechnics to perform translational research on R&D conducted by universities and public research institutes. This will likely mean an attempt to increase spending on basic R&D, which was 10.4 percent of total R&D spending in 2009.251 [See Figure 5.8], Chu Hsih-sen of Taiwan’s Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) described the goals this way: Taiwan must move from a focus on optimizing existing technologies to exploration, to move from working within single disciplines to integrating multiple disciplines, and to move from developing components to entire systems and comprehensive services. In December 2010, for example, the U.S. filed a WTO complaint accusing China of providing unfair subsidies to domestic producers of windturbines and solar equipment, allegations that China denies.62 An investigation by the European Commission in February 2011 concluded that Huawei and ZTE received massive subsidies in the form of credit lines from state-owned banks. Two of Japan’s biggest investments in science were the $1 billion Spring-8, one of the world’s largest synchrotron radiation facilities, and the Earth Simulator, a $450 million scientific computer billed as the world’s fastest when it opened in 2003. Since opening in 2000, General Electric’s research center in Shanghai’s Pudong district has grown to 1,500 researchers, two-thirds of whom have masters and Ph. 474 See Sadao Nagaoka and Kenneth Flamm, “The Chrysanthemum Meets the Eagle— The Coevolution of Innovation Policies in Japan and the United States,” in National Research Council, 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change, Sadao Nagaoka, Masayuki Kondo, Kenneth Flamm, and Charles Wessner, Eds., Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. also undertook a number of initiatives to increase entrepreneurialism, including a small-business loan program similar to America’s Small Business Innovation Research program. 1 in terms of “innovators.”313, German innovation still faces a number of serious challenges, however. 335 Research and Innovation in Germany, op. The federal government and Länder have approved another €2.7 billion in funding through 2017.348, Another goal is to sharply increase enrollment in higher education. The rest greatly need improvement. However, the institutes have had few research ties to business, generated few startups, and produce few patents. D.s a year in science and 1,000 in engineering.176 What’s more, the legacy of India’s obsession with selfsufficiency since independence in 1947 leaves it with some of the highest barriers to product imports, foreign direct investment, and inflows of intellectual property177 among major trading nations—constraining its access to global innovation. 454 Canada Foundation for Innovation press release, Jan. 21, 2011. 211 Ibid., data from Indian Central Statistics Organization. This is the essence of global competition. 51, No. 343 Engelbert Beyer presentation, op. 345 Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Research and Innovation in Germany, op. 41 From presentation by Lan Xue of Tsinghua University School of Public Policy and Management at June 28, 2011, Joint Seminar on Comparative Innovation Studies at the Chinese Academy of Engineering in Beijing. It also expanded its services to include larger companies with up to 1,000 employees. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012, pages 177-178. a program focused on fostering original discoveries.22 Despite these limitations, developing major new innovations is not the only source of national strength. •    Seed money for early-stage venture capital funds. Also see For an extensive examination of the implications of Chinese government “indigenous innovation” policies for foreign companies and trade, see Alan Wm. 237 Fir a insightful review of challenges, see R.A. Mashelkar `Reinventing India’, Pune: Sahyadri Publications, 2012. Under the 10 billion rupee ($220 million) National Science and Technology Nano Mission, created in 2006, three new R&D institutes are being created. go to universities, national research universities, and early-stage financing for start-ups. In 2002, the Chinese government and Maryland set up a joint research park near campus that now houses facilities of companies from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Launched in 1994, TusPark has a 20-building campus in Beijing with 400 companies and 30,000 employees. The BMBF has its own SME innovation program, KMU-Innovativ. A Chinese version of the decree, Guo-Fa 2010 No. Of absence to join a company ’ s that swelled more than 100 companies. Networks that support private-sector innovation headed by business in China: 2010 White,... Credited with creating nearly 4,700 jobs and at least 54 new companies was credited with more! 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